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The concepts

Objectivism in its own terms, paraphrased plainly. Each entry names the work where Rand develops the idea, so you can read it in her words.
Objectivism

Rand's name for her philosophy as a whole.

Read it in: Atlas Shrugged (Galt's speech); For the New Intellectual; The Virtue of Selfishness

Primacy of existence

Existence comes first; consciousness perceives it but does not create it.

Read it in: Atlas Shrugged (Galt's speech); Philosophy: Who Needs It

Reason

The faculty that identifies and integrates what the senses provide; for Rand, man's only means of knowledge.

Read it in: Atlas Shrugged; Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology

Rational self-interest

Each person's own life is their highest value, pursued by reason and without sacrificing others.

Read it in: The Virtue of Selfishness ("The Objectivist Ethics")

The trader principle

Dealing with others by voluntary exchange of value for value.

Read it in: The Virtue of Selfishness ("The Objectivist Ethics"); Atlas Shrugged

Productiveness

Creating the values one's life requires; one of the virtues in Rand's ethics.

Read it in: The Virtue of Selfishness; Atlas Shrugged

Individual rights

Moral principles that define and protect a person's freedom of action in society.

Read it in: The Virtue of Selfishness ("Man's Rights", "The Nature of Government")

Non-initiation of force

No one may start the use of physical force against others.

Read it in: Atlas Shrugged (Galt's speech); The Virtue of Selfishness

Laissez-faire capitalism

A social system based on individual rights, including property rights, with government separated from economics.

Read it in: Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal

The sanction of the victim

The good enabling evil by accepting its moral judgement of them.

Read it in: Atlas Shrugged

The second-hander

A person who lives through others' opinions rather than their own judgement.

Read it in: The Fountainhead (Roark's courtroom speech)

Romantic realism and sense of life

Rand's view of art as a concretisation of values, and of the emotional sum of a person's view of existence.

Read it in: The Romantic Manifesto

Concept formation (measurement omission)

Concepts are formed by retaining what things share and omitting their particular measurements.

Read it in: Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology